ISLAMIC MEDICINE includes several instructions, which would be helpful in advancement of Muslims if being followed. Some of these instructions are related to different health issues. Miswak or Arak tree (Salvadora persica) belongs to the Salvadoraceae family, and is a plant mentioned in ISLAMIC texts with regard to oral and dental health. The instructions of ISLAMIC MEDICINE about the tree are a major reason for widespread use of the plant in ISLAMIC countries. In this review paper, we addressed the evidence related to the miswak tree using Quran, hadith sources, TRADITIONAL MEDICINE books, and some modern references. In a part of the paper, we pointed to some Quran interpretations and hadiths with regard to ISLAMIC MEDICINE instructions. The Arabic term in the Quran points to the Arak tree, which has several interpretations. In some hadiths, cure from some diseases and increased wealth have been mentioned as the advantages of the miswak tree. In another part of the paper, the importance of miswak tree in TRADITIONAL MEDICINE and pharmacy, and the experience of ancient scientists about the tree are mentioned. Finally, some new findings about the medicinal properties of the miswak plant and their main components are provided. It is found that the plant is effective in tooth decay prevention. In studies carried out on people using miswak tree, it has been shown that the need for treatment of plaque and periodontal inflammation is lower in those who use the plant. Following these valuable instructions about the plant would lead to higher personal and public health level. Considering the effects of the Arak tree, including its antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, digestive, and constipating effects, and also with regard to its socioeconomic advantages, it is suggested that using modern technology, the regular use of this plant be encouraged.

Background and Purpose: In recent years, the increasing use of herbal MEDICINE and its products has highlighted the role of herbal MEDICINE in the global economic cycle, leading to a substantial increase in investments in this industry. It is predicted that the value of global trade in herbal MEDICINE will reach $5 trillion by 2050. Meanwhile, Iran has a small share of global trade in this industry. This is despite the fact that Iran's climate and soil conditions are among the most favorable in the world for the cultivation and propagation of herbal MEDICINE, enabling the capability to grow and produce thousands of species of herbal MEDICINE. In this regard, examining the current status of the field of herbal MEDICINE and TRADITIONAL MEDICINE shows that there are numerous obstacles and problems facing this field. Studies show that a significant part of problems stem from improper implementation of the functions defined for the role-players in the field of herbal MEDICINE and TRADITIONAL MEDICINE. Materials and Methods: Given the importance of this issue, the present study has designed a system model withing the field of herbal MEDICINE and TRADITIONAL MEDICINE industry through a descriptive-analytical method, utilizing library study with reference to primary sources. Results: Findings show that the most important damage and problem identified in the field of herbal MEDICINE and TRADITIONAL MEDICINE is related to the lack of an independent structure for executive policy-making and integrated management of the supply chain of herbal MEDICINE and TRADITIONAL MEDICINE. Additionally, there are weaknesses in regulation and supervision of the activities of this field, particularly given the multiplicity of role-players and, indeed, the dimension of the governance system. Conclusion: Conclusively, to achieve the desired situation, the present study has developed a desirable structure in order to realize the desired governance system to realize the main functions of this system, including policy-making and strategic monitoring, regulation and arbitration, and governance control. Subsequently, the improvement action plan in the seven areas identified in the system model is depicted through a responsibility allocation matrix.

The period from the 3rd to 7th centuries AH (9th to 13th century AH) is considered as the period of growth and prosperity in knowledge within the ISLAMIC realm, which is why it is often referred to as the ISLAMIC Golden Age. Medical knowledge is one of the most important branches of knowledge that has grown during this period thanks to the efforts of the great scholars of ISLAMIC civilization, especially Iranians. Hence, examining medical concepts during this period helps greatly in understanding the path of development of medical knowledge. Hot swellings (Uram Har) are one of the complications and clinical problems in the literature of Persian MEDICINE that have attracted the attention of scholars and physicians in this period. Prominent scientists of ISLAMIC civilization have provided classifications and definitions about Uram Har and associated diseases related in their medical books. Therefore, via reviewing and analyzing these definitions and classifications, this study endeavors to explain different views about these Uram in order to identify the types of Uram Har. Examining the views of physicians of this period reveals various types of these Uram such as Jawarsiyya, Jadri, Jamrah, Namla, etc. The clinical symptoms and causes of these swellings have been studied by scholars in different periods, which have been discussed separately in this article. This study provides a comprehensive look at the classification of hot Swellings in Persian MEDICINE based on the views of physicians from the third to seventh centuries AH in the ISLAMIC era, which can be the basis for future research in this field.

2Ancient medical science is as old as human history and the history of science. Authentic documentation before Avesta is insignificant and there are few prominent scientific and civilizational institutions in the field of MEDICINE before Jundishapur. This study endeavors to analyze the evolution of MEDICINE and specifically TRADITIONAL Persian MEDICINE from the most prominent pre-ISLAMIC civilizational institutions, namely Jundishapor, to the modern era, with an analytical approach, and to decipher the secrets of stagnation and transformation, and with the future research, to suggest the necessary and worthy developments of the present time and the next half century. Analytical historiography was used as the method to conduct this study.

Context: Constipation as a common morbidity among people is related to many disorders. Iranian-ISLAMIC TRADITIONAL MEDICINE (IITM) is an ancient comprehensive MEDICINE school that has a holistic attitude toward human health and disease. Constipation is considered by scholar IITM as the origin of many human disorders. This study aimed to describe viewpoints of IITM scholars toward constipation and its management. Evidence Acquisition: The main ancient resources in IITM were reviewed and a structural description was created about constipation and its management. Results: According to IITM, constipation is defined as defecation less than one time daily with firm and dry consistency. It is considered in IITM as a sign of maltempered body that if prolonged, could lead to the accumulation of harmful homors and its associated diseases like cancer. Some general recommendations of IITM help us to prevent and treat constipation; such as chewing food well, avoid of dry cold fiberless diet, regular aerobic exercise, and correction of body temperament. Moreover, diet therapy with high fiber fruits and vegetables, manipulative therapy such as abdominal massage with warm oils, and medication with herbal laxative or purgative drugs are specific therapeutic methods for constipation recommended by IITM scholars. Conclusions: It seems the holistic attitude of IITM toward constipation and comprehensiveness of its recommendations could be considered in health-related interventions and could ensure community health promotion.